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An Afro-Latin American (also Afro-Latino in the United States) is a Latin American person of significant Sub-Saharan Africa ancestry; the term may also refer to historical or cultural elements in Latin America thought to emanate from this community.〔(The American Heritage Book of English Usage. ) ''Latino'' discussed. (archived from (the original ) on 31 July 2008)〕 The term ''Afro-Latin American'' refers specifically to Sub-Saharan African ancestry and not to European colonial or North African ancestry, such as White South African or Berber Moroccan ancestry.〔(6. Names and Labels: Social, Racial, and Ethnic Terms ) (archived from (the original ) on 2008-06-25) See also (§ 2. African American / Afro-American ) (archived from (the original ) on 2008-04-21)for discussion which describes the application of "Afro" to a term.〕 The term is not widely used in Latin America outside academic circles. Normally Afro-Latin Americans are called "black" (Spanish: ''negro''; Portuguese: ''negro'' or ''preto;'' French: ''negre'' or ''noir''). More commonly, when referring to cultural aspects of African origin within specific countries of Latin America, terms carry an Afro- prefix followed by the relevant nationality. Notable examples include Afro-Cuban, Afro-Brazilian, and Afro-Haitian. The accuracy of statistics reporting on Afro-Latin Americans has been questioned, especially where they are derived from census reports in which the subjects choose their own designation, because in various countries the concept of African ancestry is viewed with differing attitudes.〔 ==History== Many people of African origin arrived in the Americas with the Spanish and Portuguese in the 15th and 16th centuries. Pedro Alonso Niño, traditionally considered the first of many New World explorers of African descent was a navigator in the 1492 Columbus expedition. Those who were directly from West Africa mostly arrived in Latin America as part of the Atlantic slave trade, as agricultural, domestic, and menial laborers and as mineworkers. They were also employed in mapping and exploration (for example, Estevanico) and were even involved in conquest (for example, Juan Valiente.) The Caribbean and Latin America received 95 percent of the Africans arriving in the Americas with only 5 percent going to Northern America.〔Gates, Henry Louis. Black in Latin America. New York: New York UP, 2011. Page 2〕〔Roark, James L. The American Promise, Volume I: To 1877: A History of the United States. Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martins, 2012. Print. page 136〕〔Klein, Herbert S. African Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean. New York: Oxford UP, 1986. Print.〕 Countries with significant Africa, mulatto, or zambo populations today include Brazil (57 million, if including the pardo Brazilian population with Mulatto phenotype), Haiti (8.7 million), Dominican Republic (8.5 million), Cuba (7 million), Colombia (5 million) and Puerto Rico. Recent genetic research in UPR Mayaguez has brought to light that 26.4% of Puerto Ricans have Black African heritage on the X chromosome and 20% on the Y chromosome, thus between 20%–46% of the Puerto Rican population has African heritage. Traditional terms for Afro-Latin Americans with their own developed culture include ''garífuna'' (in Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala, and Belize), ''cafuzo'' (in Brazil), and ''zambo'' in the Andes and Central America. Marabou is a term of Haitian origin denoting a Haitian of multiracial ethnicity. The mix of these African cultures with the Spanish, Portuguese, French, and indigenous cultures of Latin America has produced many unique forms of language (e.g., Palenquero, Garífuna, and Creole), religions (e.g., Candomblé, Santería, and Vodou), music (e.g., kompa, salsa, Bachata, Punta, Palo de Mayo, plena, samba, merengue, cumbia) martial arts (capoeira) and dance (rumba, merengue). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Afro-Latin American」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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